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Soil contamination or soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage. The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapors from the contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil.〔''Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual'', Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. 20450〕 Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting cleanup are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts of geology, hydrology, chemistry, computer modeling skills, and GIS in Environmental Contamination, as well as an appreciation of the history of industrial chemistry.the waste from factory is also a cause of soil pollution In North America and Western Europe the extent of contaminated land is best known, with many of countries in these areas having a legal framework to identify and deal with this environmental problem. Developing countries tend to be less tightly regulated despite some of them having undergone significant industrialization. == Causes == Soil pollution can be caused by the following *Drilling of oil refineries * Accidental spills * Acid rain (which is caused by air pollution) * Intensive farming * Deforestation * Genetically modified plants * Nuclear wastes * Industrial accidents * Landfill and illegal dumping * Land erosion * Agricultural practices, such as application of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers * Mining and other industries * Oil and fuel dumping * Buried wastes * Disposal of coal ash * Disposal of ammunitions and agents of war. * Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil * Electronic waste * The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「soil contamination」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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